Subfamily Heliconiinae.: A largely pantropical group, with one of the five tribes found in the Holarctic Region.
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Tribe Acraeini: There are two Afrotropical genera contained within this tribe; Telchinia and Acraea, both represented at Semuliki. There are 138 described Afrotropical species within this tribe with 104 species recorded in Uganda. At Semuliki a total of 45 species from both genera have been recorded: 25 from the genus Telchinia and 20 species of Acraea, contributing to a third of the Ugandan species total.
Genus Cymothoe: There are 15 species of the Afrotropical genus Cymothoe so far recorded at Semuliki from a.continent total of 78 (Williams, 2018) and a Ugandan total of 17 (Williams, 2015) or 90% of Uganda's total. The two Ugandan species not being recorded at Semuliki being C. distincta and C. indamora, but with both these species being recorded either in the Ituri Forest or Semliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018) it is a distinct possibility that they will also be found in Semuliki. Only three species are frequently sampled in traps and these are C. sangaris, C. cyclades and C. confusa. This genus has been categorised into clades nd the most commonly trapped species C. confusa had a distinctly clumped distribution within Semuliki. Species from this genus were observed more in the forest midstorey as compared to the preference of the forest floor for the genera Bebearia, Euphaedra and Euriphene.
Genus Cymothoe: There are 15 species of the Afrotropical genus Cymothoe so far recorded at Semuliki from a.continent total of 78 (Williams, 2018) and a Ugandan total of 17 (Williams, 2015) or 90% of Uganda's total. The two Ugandan species not being recorded at Semuliki being C. distincta and C. indamora, but with both these species being recorded either in the Ituri Forest or Semliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018) it is a distinct possibility that they will also be found in Semuliki. Only three species are frequently sampled in traps and these are C. sangaris, C. cyclades and C. confusa. This genus has been categorised into clades nd the most commonly trapped species C. confusa had a distinctly clumped distribution within Semuliki. Species from this genus were observed more in the forest midstorey as compared to the preference of the forest floor for the genera Bebearia, Euphaedra and Euriphene.

BUTTERFLY
Research, Conservation and Education
Semuliki National Park, Uganda
Genus Bebearia: There are 18 species of the genus Bebearia so far recorded from Semuliki. These contribute to over 10% of the fruit-feeding species assemblage total and over 75% of Uganda's Bebearia species total (Davenport, 2001). Three species of Bebearia: laetitioides, brunhilda and cocalia are the most common species sampled in the traps, although cocalia is site- specific and depends on the presence of its palm host plant. In contrast B. mandinga and B. plistonax were rarely sampled and B. chloeropsis, never sampled or observed. Bebearia chloeropsis (never sampled and not included in the species checklist of Forbes, 2018) has been recorded as being present in Semuliki (described as being sampled in the Bwamba Valley, now Semliki Valley). It has however been recorded from the Ituri Forest and North Kivu region (Ducarme, 2024). The Metamorphosis publication 'The Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Semuliki National Park, western Uganda', Forbes (2018) lists the Bebearia cocalia subspecies as badiana - this should most likely also include the subspecies katera and continentalis. The last complete revision of the genus was conducted by Hecq and the taxonomic groups described have been detailed in 'The Butterflies of World' publication - see references and these taxonomic groupings will be applied here.
Subgenus Apectanaria.
There are eight groups (tentyris, comus, mardania, sophus, barce, staudingeri, plistonax and elpinice) within this subgenus. There are species representatives from Semuliki in five of these groups.
Tentyris species group.
There are three subgroups (tentyris, absolon and zonara) within the tentyris species group with eight species recorded from within these three groups.
Tentyris subgroup. There are six species described for this subgroup, with two recorded from Semuliki, Bebearia subtentyris and B. carshena. There are three subspecies of B. subtentryis with the subspecies languida being recorded.
Bebearia subtentyris languida (Schultz, 1920)
Bebearia subtentyris (male, upper and underside)
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Bebearia subtentyris (female, upper and underside)
Bebearia carshena (Hewitson, 1870)

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Bebearia carshena (male, upper and underside)
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Bebearia carshena (female, upperside)
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Bebearia carshena (female, underside)
Absolon subgroup. There are three species described for this subgroup, with one recorded from Semuliki, Bebearia absolon, with the subspecies absolon recorded from Semuliki.
Bebearia absolon absolon (Fabricius, 1793)
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Bebearia absolon (male, upper and underside)
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Bebearia absolon (female, upper and underside)
Zonara subgroup. There are six species described for this subgroup, with five recorded from Semuliki. There are two subspecies of B. abesa, with B. abesa pandera being present at Semuliki.
Bebearia zonara (Butler, 1871)
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Bebearia zonara (male, upper and underside)
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Bebearia zonara (female, upperside)
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Bebearia zonara (female, underside)
Bebearia abesa pandera (Hecq, 1987)
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Bebearia abesa (male, upper and underside)
Bebearia abesa (female, upper and underside)
Bebearia mandinga beni (Hecq, 1990)


Bebearia mandinga (male, upper and underside)

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Bebearia mandinga (female, upper and underside)
Bebearia oxione squalida (Talbot, 1928)
Bebearia oxione (male, upper and underside)
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Bebearia oxione (female, upperside)
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Bebearia oxione (female, underside)
Bebearia partita (Aurivillius, 1895)
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Bebearia partita (male, upper and underside)
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Bebearia partita (female, upperside)
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Bebearia partita (female, underside)
Sophus species group.
A monospecific group containing the species Bebearia sophus, with five described subspecies. Bebearia sophus aruunda being the subspecies recorded from Semuliki.
Bebearia sophus aruunda (Overlaet, 1955)
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Bebearia sophus (male, upper and underside)
Bebearia sophus (male upperside, dark form with narrow subapical band)

Bebearia sophus (male underside)
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Bebearia sophus (female, upper and underside)
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Bebearia sophus (female uppersides, form with yellow colour intensity variation of sub-apical bands)
Plistonax species group.
A two species group, with one being recorded from Semuliki, Bebearia plistonax. This was recorded on a few occasions in the forest, but was never trapped.
Bebearia plistonax (Hewitson, 1874)

Bebearia plistonax (waiting on field images)
Bebearia plistonax (males, left)
Barce species group.
Another monospecific group (along with the sophus species group) containing the species Bebearia barce. There are two described subspecies, Bebearia barce maculata being the subspecies recorded from Semuliki.
Bebearia barce maculata (Aurivillius, 1912)
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Bebearia barce (male, upper and underside)
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Bebearia barce (female, upperside)
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Bebearia barce (female, underside)
Mardania species group.
This group includes three species, one of which has been recorded at Semuliki, Bebearia cocalia which comes in a number of forms (subspecies), both male and female, which are illustrated here. A number of subspecies have been described with at least three being present in the south-west region of Uganda adjacent to the DRC border: Bebearia cocalia continentalis, B. cocalia badiana and B. cocalia katera. There is variation within subspecies and also traits common among each of these three subspecies, making definitive boundary distinctions between individual subspecies range complicated. The determinations of the images presented have been through subspecies descriptions by Hecq and Holmes (see references).
Bebearia cocalia continentalis (Hecq, 1988)
Bebearia cocalia katera (van Someren, 1939)
Bebearia cocalia badiana (Rebel, 1914)



Bebearia cocalia ssp. katera (male, upper and underside)
Bebearia cocalia ssp. badiana (male upperside, narrow subapical band)
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Bebearia cocalia (male upperside, dark form)

Bebearia cocalia ssp. continentalis (female, upperside)
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Bebearia cocalia ssp. katera (female, upper and underside)
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Bebearia cocalia ssp. continentalis (female, underside)
Bebearia cocalia ssp. badiana (female, upperside)
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Bebearia cocalia (female form, upper and underside)
Subgenus Bebearia.
There are five groups (brunhilda, severeni, flaminia, phantasia and cutteri) within this subgenus. There are six species representatives from Semuliki across three of these groups. This subgenus has not been divided into subgroups.
Brunhilda species group.
There are four species recorded from Semuliki within the brunhilda species group (Bebearia brunhilda, B. laetitioides, B. dowsetti and B. congolensis. Bebearia dowsetti and B. congolensis are additions to the species records publication (Forbes, 2018).
Bebearia brunhilda iturina (Karsch, 1894)
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Bebearia brunhilda (male, upper and underside)
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Bebearia brunhilda (female, upperside)
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Bebearia brunhilda (female, underside)
Bebearia brunhilda (female, upper and underside variation)
Bebearia dowsetti (Hecq, 1990)


Bebearia dowsetti (female uppersides - different specimens, only images available)
Bebearia laetitioides (Joycey and Talbot, 1921)
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Bebearia laetitioides (male, upper and underside)
Bebearia laetitioides (female, upperside)



Bebearia laetitioides (female, underside)
Bebearia laetitioides (female, upper and underside - colour forms)


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Bebearia laetitioides (female, upper and underside - colour forms)
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Bebearia laetitioides (female, underside)

Bebearia laetitioides (female, upperside - colour form)
Bebearia laetitioides (female, upperside - colour forms)
Bebearia congolensis (Capronnier, 1889)
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Bebearia congolensis (male, upper and underside)
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Bebearia congolensis (female, upperside only)
Flaminia species group.
There is only one species recorded from Semuliki within this species group.
Bebearia flaminia (Staudinger, 1891)
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Bebearia flaminia (male, upper and underside )

Bebearia flaminia (female, upperside)

Bebearia flaminia (female, underside)
Cutteri species group.
There is one species recorded from Semuliki within the cutteri species group (Bebearia chloeropsis). This has never been trapped or observed during my period sampling in the park. It is also an addition to the species records publication (Forbes, 2018).
Bebearia chloeropsis (Bethune-Baker, 1908)
Bebearia chloeropsis (waiting on field images)
Genus references and bibliography:
​African Butterflies website - www.africanbutterflies.co.uk is a resource of Bebearia images excellently curated by Mike Cleaver.
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Hecq, J., (2000). Bebearia, Nymphalidae IV (part IX) and Supplement 3. Butterflies of the World. Bauer, E. & Frankenbach, T. eds. Goecke and Evers, Keltern, Germany. Available from www.insecta.de and www.goeckeevers.de.
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Holmes, C.W.N., (2001). A reappraisal of the Bebearia mardania complex (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae). Tropical Zoology, 14(1).
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Nymphalidae.Net provides a detailed taxonomic overview of the Tribe Adoliadini. Tribe Adoliadini (Wahlberg, N).
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Savela, M. Bebearia Hemming,[1960]. Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Excellent online resource.
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Williams, M.C., (2018). Genus Bebearia. A section of Afrotropical Butterflies (17th Edition). Publication is available from Lepidopterists' Society of Africa website https://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb.​