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Genus Bebearia: There are 18 species of the genus Bebearia so far recorded from Semuliki. These contribute to over 10% of the fruit-feeding species assemblage total and over 75% of Uganda's Bebearia species total (Davenport, 2001). Three species of Bebearia: laetitioides, brunhilda and cocalia are the most common species sampled in the traps, although cocalia is site- specific and depends on the presence of its palm host plant. In contrast B. mandinga and B. plistonax were rarely sampled and B. chloeropsis, never sampled or observed. Bebearia chloeropsis (never sampled and not included in the species checklist of Forbes, 2018) has been recorded as being present in Semuliki (described as being sampled in the Bwamba Valley, now Semliki Valley). It has however been recorded from the Ituri Forest and North Kivu region (Ducarme, 2024). The Metamorphosis publication 'The Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Semuliki National Park, western Uganda', Forbes (2018) lists the Bebearia cocalia subspecies as badiana - this should most likely also include the subspecies katera and continentalis. The last complete revision of the genus was conducted by Hecq and the taxonomic groups described have been detailed in 'The Butterflies of World' publication - see references and these taxonomic groupings will be applied here. 

Subgenus Apectanaria.

There are eight groups (tentyris, comus, mardania, sophus, barce, staudingeri, plistonax and elpinice) within this subgenus. There are species representatives from Semuliki in five of these groups.

Tentyris species group.

There are three subgroups (tentyris, absolon and zonara) within the tentyris species group with eight species recorded from within these three groups.

Tentyris subgroup. There are six species described for this subgroup, with two recorded from Semuliki, Bebearia subtentyris and B. carshena. There are three subspecies of B. subtentryis with the subspecies languida being recorded.

Bebearia subtentyris languida (Schultz, 1920)

Bebearia subtentyris (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia subtentyris.jpeg
Bebearia subtentyris.jpeg
Bebearia subtentyris.jpeg
Bebearia subtentyris.jpeg

Bebearia subtentyris (female, upper and underside)

Bebearia carshena (Hewitson, 1870)

Bebearia carshena.jpeg
Bebearia carshena.jpeg

Bebearia carshena (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia carshena.jpeg

Bebearia carshena (female, upperside)

Bebearia carshena.jpeg

Bebearia carshena (female, underside)

Absolon subgroup. There are three species described for this subgroup, with one recorded from Semuliki, Bebearia absolon, with the subspecies absolon recorded from Semuliki.

Bebearia absolon absolon (Fabricius, 1793)

Beberia absolon.jpeg
Beberia absolon.jpeg

Bebearia absolon (male, upper and underside)

Beberia absolon.jpeg
Beberia absolon.jpeg

Bebearia absolon (female, upper and underside)

Zonara subgroup. There are six species described for this subgroup, with five recorded from Semuliki. There are two subspecies of B. abesa, with B. abesa pandera being present at Semuliki.

Bebearia zonara (Butler, 1871)

Bebearia zonara.jpeg
Bebearia zonara.jpeg

Bebearia zonara (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia zonara.jpeg

Bebearia zonara (female, upperside)

Bebearia zonara.jpeg

Bebearia zonara (female, underside)

Bebearia abesa pandera (Hecq, 1987)

Bebearia abesa.jpeg
Bebearia abesa.jpeg
Bebearia abesa.jpeg
Bebearia abesa.jpeg

Bebearia abesa (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia abesa (female, upper and underside)

Bebearia mandinga beni (Hecq, 1990)

Bebearia mandinga.jpeg
Bebearia mandinga.jpeg

Bebearia mandinga (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia mandinga.jpeg
Bebearia manding.jpeg

Bebearia mandinga (female, upper and underside)

Bebearia oxione squalida (Talbot, 1928)

Bebearia oxione (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia oxione.jpeg
Bebearia oxione.jpeg
Bebearia oxione.jpeg

Bebearia oxione (female, upperside)

Bebearia oxione.jpeg

Bebearia oxione (female, underside)

Bebearia partita (Aurivillius, 1895)

Bebearia partita.jpeg
Bebearia partita.jpeg

Bebearia partita (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia partita.jpeg

Bebearia partita (female, upperside)

Bebearia partita.jpeg

Bebearia partita (female, underside)

Sophus species group.

A monospecific group containing the species Bebearia sophus, with five described subspecies. Bebearia sophus aruunda being the subspecies recorded from Semuliki.

Bebearia sophus aruunda (Overlaet, 1955)

Bebearia sophus.jpeg
Bebearia sophus.jpeg
Bebearia sophus.jpeg

Bebearia sophus (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia sophus (male upperside, dark form with narrow subapical band)

Bebearia sophus (male underside)

Bebearia sophus.jpeg
Bebearia sophus.jpeg
Bebearia sophus.jpeg

Bebearia sophus (female, upper and underside)

Bebearia sophus.jpeg

Bebearia sophus (female uppersides, form with yellow colour intensity variation of sub-apical bands)

Plistonax species group.

A two species group, with one being recorded from Semuliki, Bebearia plistonax. This was recorded on a few occasions in the forest, but was never trapped.

Bebearia plistonax (Hewitson, 1874)

Bebearia  plistonax.jpeg

Bebearia plistonax (waiting on field images)

Bebearia plistonax (males, left)

Barce species group.

Another monospecific group (along with the sophus species group) containing the species Bebearia barce. There are two described subspecies, Bebearia barce maculata being the subspecies recorded from Semuliki.

Bebearia barce maculata (Aurivillius, 1912)

Bebearia barce.jpeg
Bebearia barce.jpeg

Bebearia barce (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia barce.jpeg

Bebearia barce (female, upperside)

Bebearia barce.jpeg

Bebearia barce (female, underside)

Mardania species group.

This group includes three species, one of which has been recorded at Semuliki, Bebearia cocalia which comes in a number of forms (subspecies), both male and female, which are illustrated here. A number of subspecies have been described with at least three being present in the south-west region of Uganda adjacent to the DRC border: Bebearia cocalia continentalis, B. cocalia badiana and B. cocalia katera. There is variation within subspecies and also traits common among each of these three subspecies, making definitive boundary distinctions between individual subspecies range complicated. The determinations of the images presented have been through subspecies descriptions by Hecq and Holmes (see references).

Bebearia cocalia continentalis (Hecq, 1988)

Bebearia cocalia katera (van Someren, 1939)

Bebearia cocalia badiana (Rebel, 1914)

Bebearia cocalia.jpeg
Bebearia cocalia.jpeg
Bebearia cocalia.jpeg

Bebearia cocalia ssp. katera (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia cocalia ssp. badiana (male upperside,  narrow subapical band)

Bebearia cocalia.jpeg

Bebearia cocalia (male upperside,  dark form)

Bebearia cocalia.jpeg

Bebearia cocalia ssp. continentalis (female, upperside)

Bebearia cocalia.jpeg
Bebearia cocalia.jpeg
Bebearia cocalia.jpeg

Bebearia cocalia ssp. katera (female, upper and underside)

Beberia cocalia.jpeg
Bebearia cocalia.jpeg

Bebearia cocalia ssp. continentalis (female, underside)

Bebearia cocalia ssp. badiana (female, upperside)

Bebearia cocalia.jpeg

Bebearia cocalia (female form, upper and underside)

Subgenus Bebearia.

There are five groups (brunhilda, severeni, flaminia, phantasia and cutteri) within this subgenus. There are six species representatives from Semuliki across three of these groups. This subgenus has not been divided into subgroups.

Brunhilda species group.

There are four species recorded from Semuliki within the brunhilda species group (Bebearia brunhilda, B. laetitioides, B. dowsetti and B. congolensisBebearia dowsetti and B. congolensis are additions to the species records publication (Forbes, 2018).

Bebearia brunhilda iturina (Karsch, 1894)

Bebearia brunhilda.jpeg
Bebearia brunhilda.jpeg

Bebearia brunhilda (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia brunhilda.jpeg
Bebearia brunhilda.jpeg
Bebearia brunhilda.jpeg

Bebearia brunhilda (female, upperside)

Bebearia brunhilda.jpeg

Bebearia brunhilda (female, underside)

Bebearia brunhilda (female, upper and underside variation)

Bebearia dowsetti (Hecq, 1990)

Bebearia dowsetti.png
Bebearia dowsetti.jpeg

Bebearia dowsetti (female uppersides - different specimens, only images available)

Bebearia laetitioides (Joycey and Talbot, 1921)

Bebearia laetitiodes.jpeg
Bebearia laetitiodes.jpeg
Bebearia laetitiodes.jpeg

Bebearia laetitioides (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia laetitioides (female, upperside)

Bebearia laetitiodes.jpeg
Bebearia laetitioides.jpeg
Bebearia laetitioides.jpeg

Bebearia laetitioides (female, underside)

Bebearia laetitioides (female, upper and underside - colour forms)

Bebearia laetitioides.jpeg
Bebearia laetitioides.jpeg
Beberia laetitioides.jpeg

Bebearia laetitioides (female, upper and underside - colour forms)

Beberia laetitioides.jpeg

Bebearia laetitioides (female, underside)

Bebearia laetitioides.jpg

Bebearia laetitioides (female, upperside - colour form)

Bebearia laetitioides (female, upperside - colour forms)

Bebearia congolensis (Capronnier, 1889)

Bebearia congolensis.jpeg
Bebearia congolensis.jpeg

Bebearia congolensis (male, upper and underside)

Bebearia congolensis.jpeg

Bebearia congolensis (female, upperside only)

Flaminia species group.

There is only one species recorded from Semuliki within this species group. 

Bebearia flaminia (Staudinger, 1891)

Bebearia flaminia.jpeg
Bebearia flaminia.jpeg

Bebearia flaminia (male, upper and underside )

Bebearia flaminia.jpeg

Bebearia flaminia (female, upperside)

Bebearia flaminia.jpeg

Bebearia flaminia (female, underside)

Cutteri species group.

There is one species recorded from Semuliki within the cutteri species group (Bebearia chloeropsis). This has never been trapped or observed during my period sampling in the park. It is also an addition to the species records publication (Forbes, 2018).

Bebearia chloeropsis (Bethune-Baker, 1908)

Bebearia chloeropsis (waiting on field images)

Genus references and bibliography:

​African Butterflies website - www.africanbutterflies.co.uk is a resource of Bebearia images excellently curated by Mike Cleaver.

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Hecq, J., (2000). Bebearia, Nymphalidae IV (part IX)  and Supplement 3. Butterflies of the World. Bauer, E. & Frankenbach, T. eds. Goecke and Evers, Keltern, Germany. Available from www.insecta.de and www.goeckeevers.de.

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Holmes, C.W.N., (2001). A reappraisal of the Bebearia mardania complex (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae). Tropical Zoology, 14(1).

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Nymphalidae.Net provides a detailed taxonomic overview of the Tribe Adoliadini. Tribe Adoliadini (Wahlberg, N).

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Savela, M. Bebearia Hemming,[1960]. Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Excellent online resource.

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Williams, M.C., (2018). Genus Bebearia. A section of Afrotropical Butterflies (17th Edition). Publication is available from Lepidopterists' Society of Africa website https://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb.​

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